De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino

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[485] _In manus venire_, 'to come within reach,' 'engage in close
combat;' for _manus conserere_, which is much more frequent.
[486] 'It seemed to be time;' that is, it seemed to be a favourable
moment, or it seemed to be advisable; hence the infinitive _aggredi_.
Zumpt, S 659, note.
[487] _Capsa_, a town in the eastern part of Numidia, between the river
Bagradas, which empties itself into the sea not far from Carthage,
and lake Tritonis: it is believed still to exist under the name of
Cafza, and to have been founded by the African Hercules; that is,
by Phoenicians; for the Phoenician conquests are ascribed to a
Phoenician Hercules, and the north coast of Africa was the principal
scene of the enterprises of those seafaring conquerors.
[488] _Immunis_, 'exempt from taxes.'
[489] Other editions have _quarum_ instead of _quorum_. See Zumpt, S 78,
note.
[490] _Jugis aqua_, 'running water,' or 'a well perpetually flowing.'
The other water which they used was rain water, and to _pluvia_ we
must supply _aqua_.
[491] _Africa--incultius agebat_, 'Africa, which was in a state of
greater want of cultivation;' an unusual transfer of the verb _agere_
(to be in a condition) from the inhabitants of a country to the
country itself.

90. Igitur consul omnibus exploratis, credo dis fretus (nam contra tantas
difficultates consilio satis providere non poterat, quippe etiam frumenti
inopia temptabatur,[492] quod Numidae pabulo pecoris magis quam arvo
student,[493] et quodcumque natum fuerat jussu regis in loca munita
contulerant, ager autem aridus et frugum vacuus ea tempestate, nam
aestatis extremum erat), tamen pro rei copia satis providenter
exornat;[494] pecus omne, quod superioribus diebus praedae fuerat,
equitibus auxiliariis agendum attribuit, A. Manlium legatum cum
cohortibus expeditis ad oppidum Lares, ubi stipendium et commeatum
locaverat, ire jubet dicitque se praedabundum, post paucos dies eodem
venturum. Sic incepto suo occultato pergit ad flumen Tanam.

[492] 'He was brought into danger' or 'difficulty.'
[493] 'They take more care about pastures than cultivated fields.'
[494] _Exornat_; supply _rem, expeditionem_, 'the undertaking or
campaign.'

91. Ceterum in itinere cotidie pecus exercitui per centurias, item turmas
[495] aequaliter distribuerat, et ex coriis utres uti fierent curabat;
simul et inopiam frumenti lenire et ignaris omnibus parare, quae mox usui
forent; denique sexto die, quum ad flumen ventum est, maxima vis utrium
effecta. Ibi castris levi munimento positis, milites cibum capere atque,
uti simul cum occasu solis egrederentur, paratos esse jubet, omnibus
sarcinis abjectis, aqua modo seque et jumenta onerare. Dein, postquam
tempus visum, castris egreditur noctemque totam itinere facto consedit;
idem proxima facit, dein tertia multo ante lucis adventum pervenit in
locum tumulosum ab Capsa non amplius duum[496] milium intervallo; ibique
quam occultissime potest, cum omnibus copiis opperitur. Sed ubi dies
coepit et Numidae nihil hostile metuentes, multi oppido egressi, repente
omnem equitatum et cum his velocissimos pedites cursu tendere ad Capsam
et portas obsidere jubet; deinde ipse intentus propere sequi, neque
milites praedari sinere. Quae postquam oppidani cognovere, res
trepidae,[497] metus ingens, malum improvisum, ad hoc pars civium extra
moenia in hostium potestate, coegere, uti deditionem facerent. Ceterum
oppidum incensum, Numidae puberes interfecti, alii omnes venumdati,
praeda militibus divisa. Id facinus contra jus belli non avaritia neque
scelere consulis admissum, sed quia locus Jugurthae opportunus, nobis
aditu difficilis, genus hominum mobile, infidum ante, neque beneficio
neque metu coercitum.[498]

[495] _Per_ implies an equal distribution among the centuries and turmae.
[496] _Duum_ for _duorum_ occurs most frequently in connection with
_milium_. See Zumpt, S 115, note 2.
[497] _Res trepidae_, 'a dangerous situation.'
[498] Sallust feels that he must excuse or explain the destruction of a
town which had surrendered at discretion.

92. Postquam tantam rem Marius sine ullo suorum incommodo patravit,
magnus et clarus antea, major atque clarior haberi coepit. Omnia non bene
consulta in virtutem trahebantur,[499] milites modesto imperio habiti
simul et locupletes ad coelum ferre, Numidae magis quam mortalem timere,
postremo omnes, socii atque hostes, credere illi aut mentem divinam esse
aut deorum nutu cuncta portendi.[500] Sed consul, ubi ea res bene evenit,
ad alia oppida pergit, pauca repugnantibus Numidis capit, plura deserta
propter Capsensium miserias igni corrumpit; luctu atque caede omnia
complentur. Denique multis locis potitus ac plerisque exercitu incruento,
aliam rem aggreditur non eadem asperitate qua Capsensium,[501] ceterum
haud secus difficilem. Namque haud longe a flumine Mulucha, quod
Jugurthae Bocchique regnum disjungebat, erat inter ceteram planitiem mons
saxeus, mediocri castello satis patens, in immensum editus, uno
perangusto aditu relicta, nam omnia[502] natura velut opere atque
consulto praeceps. Quem locum Marius, quod ibi regis thesauri erant,
summa vi capere intendit. Sed ea res forte quam consilio melius gesta.
Nam castello virorum atque armorum satis magna vis, et frumenti,[503] et
fons aquae; aggeribus turribusque et aliis machinationibus locus
importunus, iter castellanorum[504] angustum admodum, utrimque praecisum.
Vineae cum ingenti periculo frustra agebantur; nam quum eae paulo
processerant, igni aut lapidibus corrumpebantur, milites neque pro opere
consistere propter iniquitatem loci, neque inter vineas sine periculo
administrare;[505] optimus quisque cadere aut sauciari, ceteris metus
augeri.

[499] 'All things, not only his good arrangements, were interpreted
as good services,' so that to _non_ we have to supply _modo_. For the
phrase _in virtutem trahere_, see chap. 85: _ducere in conscientiam_.
[500] 'He was either himself endowed with a divine mind, or everything
was revealed to him by divine inspiration.'
[501] _Capsensium_; supply _res_, 'the undertaking against Capsa;' for
the name of the inhabitants of a town is often used for that of the
town itself.
[502] 'For it was on all sides steep, as if made so by human hands,
and purposely.' The accusative _omnia_ is to be taken adverbially,
'on all sides,' just as we frequently find _cetera_ and _reliqua_.
See Zumpt, S 459. Other editions and inferior manuscripts have _per
omnia_, _omni parte_, _omnis_, all of which are only attempts to
explain the true reading.
[503] 'For the fort contained a sufficient number of men, arms, and
provisions.' This is the reading of the manuscripts; in modern
editions _et_ is omitted, and the passage is given with the following
punctuation: _nam castello virorum atque armorum satis, magna vis
frumenti_, which seems indeed to be supported by the sense; but
violates the rule, that when there are three nouns, the conjunction
must either be used twice, or omitted altogether.
[504] 'The road of the inhabitants of the castle;' that is, the only
road which led up to the castle.
[505] 'Do their work ;' namely, break through the wall.

93. At Marius, multis diebus et laboribus consumptis, anxius trahere cum
animo suo, omitteretne inceptum, quoniam frustra erat, an fortunam
opperiretur, qua saepe prospere usus fuerat. Quae quum multos dies
noctesque aestuans[506] agitaret, forte quidam Ligus,[507] ex cohortibus
auxiliariis miles gregarius, castris aquatum egressus, haud procul ab
latere castelli, quod aversum proeliantibus erat, animum advertit inter
saxa repentes cochleas; quarum quum unam atque alteram, dein plures
peteret, studio legundi paulatim prope ad summum montis egressus
est.[508] Ubi postquam solitudinem intellexit, more humani ingenii cupido
difficilia faciundi animum vertit.[509] Et forte in eo loco grandis ilex
coaluerat inter saxa paulum modo prona, dein flexa atque aucta in
altitudinem, quo cuncta gignentium natura fert; cujus ramis modo, modo
eminentibus saxis nisus Ligus castelli planitiem perscribit,[510] quod
cuncti Numidae intenti proeliantibus aderant.[511] Exploratis omnibus,
quae mox usui fore ducebat, eadem regreditur, non temere, uti escenderat,
sed temptans omnia et circumspiciens. Itaque Marium propere adit, acta
edocet, hortatur, ab ea parte, qua ipse escenderat, castellum temptet;
pollicetur sese itineris periculique ducem. Marius cum Ligure, promissa
ejus cognitum, ex praesentibus misit;[512] quorum uti cujusque ingenium
erat, ita rem difficilem aut facilem nuntiavere. Consulis animus tamen
paulum arrectus. Itaque ex copia tubicinum et cornicinum numero quinque
quam velocissimos delegit,[513] et cum his, praesidio qui forent, quatuor
centuriones, omnesque Liguri parere jubet, et ei negotio proximum diem
constituit.

[506] _Aestuans_ is here used figuratively of one who is in care and
anxiety.
[507] _Ligus_, 'a Ligurian,' belonging to the country of Liguria, which
was then not yet considered as belonging to Italy, and the capital
of which was Genoa. Four cohorts of Ligurian auxiliares in the Roman
army were mentioned in chap. 77, and those auxiliaries were no doubt
of great service to the Romans in this war, since they were
accustomed to climbing, ascending heights, and other hardships, from
their own mountainous country. Livy, too, praises the quickness,
perseverance, and adroitness of the Ligurians in the petty warfare in
which they were engaged for many years against the Romans.
[508] _Egressus est_, the same as _escendit_ or _evasit_, 'he got up.'
[509] 'The desire to accomplish difficult things changed his mind,'
inasmuch as he gave up collecting snails, and planned an attack
upon the castle.
[510] 'He drew an accurate plan of the area of the castle,' as from his
high position he could survey the whole. It is indeed hard to suppose
that the Ligurian had with him the necessary drawing materials;
but _perscribit_ may possibly mean only to mark such points as
would enable the soldier to make an accurate drawing of the locality
after his return to the camp.
[511] 'The Numidians were most intently observing the combatants, being
with them.'
[512] 'Marius despatched some of his followers to test the promises of
the Ligurian.'
[513] 'Out of the horn-blowers and trumpeters he chose five in number.'
_Numero_ is almost superfluous.

94. Sed ubi ex praecepto tempus visum, paratis compositisque omnibus ad
locum pergit.[514] Ceterum illi, qui ascensuri erant, praedocti ab duce,
arma ornatumque mutaverant, capite atque pedibus nudis, uti prospectus
nisusque per saxa facilius foret;[515] super terga gladii et scuta, verum
ea Numidica ex coriis, ponderis gratia simul et offensa quo levius
streperent.[516] Igitur praegrediens Ligus saxa, et si quae vetustate
radices eminebant,[517] laqueis vinciebat, quibus allevati milites
facilius escenderent, interdum timidos insolentia itineris levare manu,
ubi paulo asperior ascensus erat, singulos prae se inermes mittere,
deinde ipse cum illorum armis sequi, quae dubia nisu videbantur,
potissimus temptare,[518] ac saepius eadem ascendens descendensque, dein
statim digrediens,[519] ceteris audaciam addere. Igitur diu multumque
fatigati tandem in castellum perveniunt, desertum ab ea parte, quod omnes
sicuti aliis diebus adversum hostes aderant. Marius, ubi ex nuntiis, quae
Ligus egerat, cognovit, quamquam toto die intentos proelio Numidas
habuerat, tum vero cohortatus milites et ipse extra vineas egressus,
testudine acta succedere et simul hostem tormentis sagittariisque et
funditoribus eminus terrere. At Numidae saepe antea vineis Romanorum
subversis, item incensis, non castelli moenibus sese tutabantur; sed pro
muro dies noctesque agitare, maledicere Romanis ac Mario vecordiam
objectare; militibus nostris Jugurthae servitium minari, secundis rebus
feroces esse. Interim omnibus, Romanis hostibusque, proelio intentis,
magna utrimque vi pro gloria atque imperio his, illis pro salute
certantibus, repente a tergo signa canere; ac primo mulieres et pueri,
qui visum processerant, fugere, deinde uti quisque muro proximus erat,
postremo cuncti, armati inermesque. Quod ubi accidit, eo acrius Romani
instare, fundere ac plerosque tanturamodo sauciare, dein super occisorum
corpora vadere, avidi gloriae certantes murum petere, neque quemquam
omnium praeda morari. Sic forte correcta Marii temeritas gloriam ex culpa
invenit.[520]

[514] _Pergit_; namely, _Ligus_.
[515] 'That it might proceed more easily.'
[516] 'In order that, if they stumbled against anything, they might make
less noise.'
[517] 'And the roots which, owing to their old age, were standing forth;'
for the roots of old trees rise out of the ground, and such
knots remain on the surface even when the trees no longer exist.
[518] 'He himself foremost (_potissimus_) tried those places which it
was doubtful (dangerous) to climb up.'
[519] 'And then immediately withdrawing;' namely, in order to make room
for those who followed.
[520] 'The inconsiderate boldness of Marius (of attacking an impregnable
fortress), when it became adjusted (justified, _correcta_) by
chance, found praise instead of blame.' The sudden terror of the
Numidians on their hearing the military music of the Romans in
their rear, was, according to Sallust, most advantageous to the
Romans; for if the Numidians, while engaged in fighting, had
despatched fifty men, they might easily have thrown down the few
Romans who had found their way up; for the number of four centurions
for the protection of the trumpeters is indeed surprisingly
small, and we might almost be inclined to suppose that these
centurions were followed by their centuries at some distance.

95. Ceterum dum ea res geritur, L. Sulla quaestor cum magno equitatu in
castra venit, quos[521] uti ex Latio et a sociis cogeret, Romae relictus
erat. Sed quoniam nos tanti viri res admonuit,[522] idoneum visum est de
natura cultuque ejus paucis dicere; neque enim alio loco de Sullae rebus
dicturi sumus, et L. Sisenna optime et diligentissime omnium, qui eas res
dixere, persecutus,[523] parum mihi libero ore locutus videtur. Igitur
Sulla gentis patriciae nobilis fuit, familia prope jam extincta majorum
ignavia,[524] litteris Graecis atque Latinis juxta, atque
doctissime,[525] eruditus, animo ingenti, cupidus voluptatum, sed gloriae
cupidior, otio luxurioso esse; tamen, ab negotiis nunquam voluptas
remorata, nisi quod[526] de uxore potuit honestius consuli; facundus,
callidus et amicitia facilis;[527] ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii
incredibilis;[528] multarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor. Atque
illi, felicissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super industriam
fortuna fuit,[529] multique dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset; nam
postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo, pudeat magis an pigeat disserere.

[521] _Quos_ refers to the _equites_ implied in the word _equitatus_.
This is a construction _ad sensum_, of which many examples occur in
Sallust (compare _Cat._ 7), though the present case is rather
unusual.
[522] _Res_, 'the subject,' 'the present discussion,' or 'the context of
the narrative.'
[523] _Persecutus_; supply _Sullae naturam cultumque_. L. Sisenna, an
early contemporary of Cicero, had written a history of the civil war
between Marius and Sulla; he was himself a partisan of Sulla, and
therefore not quite unbiassed in his judgment.
[524] The patrician gens to which Sulla belonged was the gens Cornelia.
The statement that the family of Sulla was almost extinct, in
consequence of the inactivity of the ancestors of the great Sulla,
applies to their loss of power and influence rather than to a
physical decay of the family.
[525] _Atque doctissime_, 'and that very profoundly;' the same as _et
doctissime quidem_.
[526] _Nisi quod_ adds a limitation or exception to something stated
before. Here the preceding praise is qualified or limited by the
remark, that in his matrimonial relation he might have behaved
better; for he was married several times, and chose his wives at the
spur of a momentary passion. _Potuit consuli_; supply _ab eo_; that
is, _potuisset consulere_.
[527] _Amicitia facilis_, 'pleasing and agreeable in his friendship or
friendly intercourse.'
[528] _Altitudo animi_, the unfathomableness of a man's character and
designs--a character which shows nothing outwardly of what is going
on within. Such a character has all the requisites to become
hypocritical, _ad simulationem et dissimulationem_.
[529] 'His good fortune was never greater than his activity;' that is,
his activity was equal to his good fortune, and he therefore deserved
all praise. But his doings after his victory in the civil war are
utterly condemned by Sallust, who then assigns to him neither
good-luck nor activity.

96. Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam atque in
castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et ignarus belli,
sollertissimus omnium in paucis tempestatibus[530] factus est. Ad hoc
milites benigne appellare, multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare
beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere,
ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare,[531] ut illi quam plurimi
deberent, joca atque seria cum humillimis agere, in operibus, in agmine
atque ad vigilias multus adesse,[532] neque interim, quod prava ambitio
solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, tantummodo neque
consilio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. Quis rebus
et artibus brevi Mario militibusque carissimus factus.

[530] For _intra breves tempestates_, see note 3, page 59 [note 304 in
Cat.].
[531] _Id laboro_. See Zumpt, S 385. _Ut illi deberent_ should properly
be _sibi_ or _ipsi_; but see Zumpt, S 550.
[532] _Multus adesse_, 'he was present in many places,' multiplying, as
it were, his own person. Compare chap. 84.

97. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos et sibi
utiles, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocchum nuntios mittit,
quam primum in Numidiam copias adduceret, proelii faciundi tempus adesse.
Quem ubi cunctari accepit et dubium belli atque pacis rationes
trahere,[533] rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique
Mauro pollicetur Numidiae partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi,
aut integris suis finibus bellum compositum foret. Eo praemio illectus
Boechus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham accedit. Ita amborum exercitu
conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte
die[534] reliqua, invadunt, rati noctem, quae jam aderat, et victis sibi
munimento fore et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento,[535] quia locorum
scientes erant, contra Romania utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem
fore. Igitur simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi
hostes aderant[536] et, priusquam exercitus aut instrui aut sarcinas
colligere, denique antequam signum[537] aut imperium ullum accipere
quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii,
sed catervatim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt;
qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutis memores, aut arma
capiebant aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant, pars equos
ascendere, obviam ire hostibus, pugna latrocinio[538] magis quam proelio
similis fieri, sine signis, sine ordinibus equites peditesque permixti;
caedere alios, alios obtruncare;[539] multos, contra adversos acerrime
pugnantes, ab tergo circumvenire; neque virtus neque arma satis tegere,
quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi erant; denique Romani
veteres novique et ob ea[540] scientes belli, si quos locus aut casus
conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et
instructi hostium vim sustentabant.

[533] _Rationes trahere_ implies slow and careful deliberation, as in
chaps. 34 and 93.
[534] _Die_ for _diei_. See page 115, note 3 [note 289].
[535] 'The night would not he an obstacle to them' (in their pursuit).
_Nullo_ obsolete for _nulli_. See Zumpt, S 140.
[536] _Simul cognovit_--_et hostes aderant_, 'he at once learned--and the
enemy was there;' that is, between the receiving of the information
and the actual attack of the enemy there was no interval. _Sarcinas
colligere_; the baggage was laid down before an engagement, and put
together in a heap, as in Caes. _Bell_. _Gall_. vii. 18.
[537] _Signum_ here is 'the watchword,' which is given out by the
general, and is communicated among the soldiers by one man telling
another. Sometimes _signum_ is the signal given by a _cornu_ or
_tuba_. To make the former known throughout an army required some
time, but not so the latter. _Signa_ afterwards are the standards of
the maniples, cohorts, and legions.
[538] _Latrocinium_, 'a predatory attack,' as opposed to a regular
battle.
[539] _Obtruncare_ in opposition to _caedere_ (cut down) signifies 'to
mutilate by cutting off a limb or limbs.' The word _multos_ is chosen
here only for variety's sake, instead of _alios_.
[540] The words _veteres novique_ express a whole sentence: 'as old
and new soldiers were united in the several divisions (maniples and
cohorts) of the army;' and it is to this meaning that _ob ea_ (for
this reason) refers. The scattered Romans, as old and new soldiers
were everywhere mixed together, profited by the experience of the
old ones, and formed dense circles (we should say _squares_), which
was, in fact, the only safe means of warding off the attack of a
superior enemy.

98. Neque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius territus aut magis quam antea
demisso animo fuit, sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam
familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis
succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere; manu
consulere militibus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat.
Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remittere,[541]
atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. Tum
Marius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus
esset, colles duos propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris
parum amplo, fons aquae magnus erat, alter usui opportunus, quia magna
parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat.[542] Ceterum apud
aquam Sullam cum equitibus noctem agitare jubet; ipse paulatim dispersos
milites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis,[543] in unum contrahit, dein
cunctos pleno gradu[544] in collem subducit. Ita reges loci difficultate
coacti proelio deterrentur, neque tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed,
utroque colle multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris
ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari more suo laetari, exultare,
strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non fugere, ut pro[545]
victoribus egere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis ex tenebris et editioribus locis
facilia visa magnoque hortamento erant.

[541] _Quam tamen_--_nihil remittere_, 'while the barbarians nevertheless
did not leave off.' For _quum_ with the historical infinitive, see
Zumpt, S 582. _Pro se_, 'favourable to them.'
[542] Marius occupies two hills close by each other, the one only to
have the command of water, but the other to pitch his camp on, as
it required only to be slightly fortified. _Quaerebat_ for
_requirebat_, which is more common in this sense.
[543] 'As the enemy also had fallen into no less confusion;' so that
_neque_, being properly used for _et non_, must here be taken for
_etiam non_ or _ne_--_quidem_.
[544] _Pleno gradu_, 'at a quick pace,' which, however, is not running.
This retreat up the hill is, after all, a proof that the Romans had
been worsted in the attack.
[545] _Fugere, ut pro_, is the reading of the manuscripts, 'as they did
not flee, they acted as though they were the victors.' _Ut pro_
signifies 'both as victors and as if they were,' the _ut_ and _pro_
signifying nearly the same thing.

99. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium confirmatus, quam maximum
silentium haberi jubet, ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant,
canere,[546] deinde, ubi lux adventabat, defessis jam hostibus et paulo
ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, turmarum,
legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere
atque portis erumpere. Mauri atque Gaetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu
repente exciti, neque fugere neque arma capere neque omnino facere aut
providere quicquam poterant; ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nullo
subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido quasi
vecordia ceperat.[547] Denique omnes fusi fugatique; arma et signa
militaria pleraque capta, pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus
interempti. Nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga.

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