De Bello Catilinario et Jugurthino

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58. Dum apud Zamam sic certatur, Jugurtha ex improviso castra hostium cum
magna manu invadit, remissis, qui in praesidio erant,[315] et omnia magis
quam proelium expectantibus, portam irrumpit. At nostri, repentino metu
perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus consulunt; alii fugere, alii arma
capere, magna pars vulnerati aut occisi. Ceterum ex omni multitudine non
amplius quadraginta memores nominis Romani grege facto locum cepere paulo
quam alii editiorem, neque inde maxima vi depelli quiverunt, sed tela
eminus missa remittere, pauci in pluribus minus frustrari;[316] sin
Numidae propius accessissent, ibi vero[317] virtutem ostendere et eos
maxima vi caedere, fundere atque fugare. Interim Metellus quum accerrime
rem gereret, clamorem hostilem a tergo accepit, dein converso equo
animadvertit fugam ad se versum fieri, quae res indicabat populares esse.
Igitur equitatum omnem ad castra propere mittit, ac statim G. Marium
cum cohortibus sociorum, eumque lacrimans per amicitiam perque rem
publicam obsecrat, ne quam contumeliam remanere in exercitu victore neve
hostes inultos abire sinat. Ille brevi mandata efficit. At Jugurtha
munimento castrorum impeditus, quum alii super vallum praecipitarentur,
alii in angustiis ipsi sibi properantes officerent, multis amissis in
loca munita sese recepit. Metellus, infecto negotio, postquam nox aderat,
in castra cum exercitu revertitur.

[315] 'Those who had been left behind to protect the camp being remiss'
(careless, unconcerned); a figurative use of _remissus_, taken from a
bow when it is not stretched.
[316] 'As they, being few, less missed in throwing their darts among
the many.' The deponent _frustari_ here has a reflective meaning,
'to exert one's self in vain,' 'to deceive one's self,' and must be
conceived to come from the active _frustrare_, 'to frustrate.'
[317] 'Then, indeed (in truth), they showed,' &c. Respecting _vero_ in
the apodosis, see note on chap. 50.

59. Igitur postero die, prius quam ad oppugnandum egrederetur, equitatum
omnem in ea parte, qua regis adventus erat, pro castris agitare jubet,
portas et proxima loca tribunis dispertit, deinde ipse pergit ad oppidum
atque uti superiore die murum aggreditur. Interim Jugurtha ex occulto
repente nostros invadit; qui in proximo locati fuerant, paulisper territi
perturbantur, reliqui cito subveniunt. Neque diutius Numidae resistere
quivissent, ni pedites cum equitibus permixti magnam cladem in congressu
facerent;[318] quibus illi freti, non uti equestri proelio solet, sequi,
dein cedere, sed adversis equis concurrere, implicare ac perturbare
aciem; ita expeditis peditibus suis hostes paene victos dare.

[318] 'The Numidian horsemen would not have resisted any longer, had not
their infantry mingled with the cavalry caused a great carnage'
(among the Romans). Respecting the imperfect in the protasis, though
the apodosis contains the pluperfect, see Zumpt, S 525. The Numidian
horse, accordingly, here did not follow their usual custom of making
a sudden attack, and then retreating; on the contrary, they fought in
such a manner that their own horses and those of the Romans stood
head to head, and thus gained an almost complete victory, by
procuring a respite for their struggling infantry.

60. Eodem tempore apud Zamam magna vi certabatur. Ubi quisque legatus aut
tribunus curabat, eo acerrime niti,[319] neque alius in alio magis quam
in sese[320] spem habere: pariterque oppidani agere; oppugnare aut parare
omnibus locis, avidius alteri alteros sauciare quam semet tegere, clamor
permixtus hortatione, laetitia, gemitu, item strepitus armorum ad coelum
ferri, tela utrimque volare. Sed illi, qui moenia defensabant, ubi hostes
paulum modo pugnam remiserant, intenti proelium equestre prospectabant,
eos, uti quaeque Jugurthae res erant, laetos modo, modo pavidos
animadverteres,[321] ac, sicuti audiri a suis aut cerni possent,[322]
monere alii, alii hortari aut manu significare aut niti corporibus,[323]
et ea huc et illuc quasi vitabundi aut jacientes tela agitare. Quod ubi
Mario cognitum est (nam is in ea parte curabat) consulto lenius agere ac
diffidentiam rei simulare, pati Numidas sine tumultu[324] regis proelium
visere. Ita illis studio suorum astrictis,[325] repente magna vi murum
aggreditur, et jam scalis egressi milites prope summa ceperant, quum
oppidani concurrunt, lapides, ignem, alia praeterea tela ingerunt. Nostri
primo resistere, deinde, ubi unae atque alterae scalae comminutae, qui
supersteterant, afflicti sunt, ceteri, quoquo modo potuere, pauci
integri, magna pars vulneribus confecti abeunt Denique utrimque proelium
nox diremit.

[319] 'There they exerted themselves most actively,' _eo_ having the
meaning of _eo loco_, or _ibi_.
[320] 'More upon themselves than upon others.' See Zumpt, S 725.
[321] 'One might observe them.' Zumpt, S 528, note 2.
[322] _Sicuti--possent_, 'just as if,' as _sicut_, like _quasi_, is used
for _velut_. See chap. 31. For it is not possible that the two places
of the struggle, near the walls of Zama, and on the other side of the
Roman camp, should have been so near that the men could hear one
another, or even distinctly see the separate charges.
[323] _Niti corporibus_, 'to exert one's self bodily,' inasmuch as the
body of the combatants is sometimes moved forward, and sometimes
backward. The plural _corpora_ is as common in Latin as _animi_, when
several persons are spoken of.
[324] _Sine tumultu_, 'without disturbance' or 'hindrance.'
[325] _Astrictus_, 'fixed intent,' whose attention was entirely directed
to the contest at a distance. _Occupatis_ also might have been used.

61. Metellus, postquam videt frustra inceptum neque oppidum capi, neque
Jugurtham nisi ex insidiis aut suo loco pugnam facere, et jam aestatem
exactam esse, ab Zama discedit et in iis urbibus, quae ad se[326]
defecerant, satisque munitae loco aut moenibus erant, praesidia imponit;
ceterum exercitum in provinciam, quae proxima est Numidiae, hiemandi
gratia collocat. Neque id tempus ex aliorum more quieti aut luxuriae
concedit, sed quoniam armis bellum parum procedebat, insidias regi per
amicos tendere et eorum perfidia pro armis uti parat. Igitur Bomilcarem,
qui Romae cum Jugurtha fuerat et inde vadibus datis clam Massivae de nece
judicium fugerat, quod ei per maximam amicitiam maxima copia fallendi
erat, multis pollicitationibus aggreditur. Ac primo efficit, uti ad se
colloquendi gratia occultus veniat, dein fide data, si Jugurtham vivum
aut necatum sibi tradidisset, fore, ut illi senatus impunitatem et sua
omnia concederet, facile Numidae persuadet, cum ingenio infido,[327] tum
metunti, ne, si pax cum Romanis fieret, ipse per condiciones ad
supplicium traderetur.

[326] _Ad eum_, or _ad illum_, would have been strictly grammatical; and
as Sallust uses _ad se_, it would have been more consistent to use
the subjunctive _defecissent_; but the indicative is necessary,
because a fact is to be expressed. All doubts would have been removed
by _ad ipsum_, for this pronoun would turn our attention away from
the secondary subject, _urbes_, and direct it to the leading subject,
Metellus. But the ancient authors do not very often use this pronoun
where _is_ or _sui_, _sibi_, _se_, can be employed. Compare chap. 66,
and Zumpt, S 550.
[327] That is, _Bomilcar ingenio infidus erat et metuebat_.

62. Is, ubi primum opportunum fuit, Jugurtham anxium ac miserantem
fortunas suas accedit; monet atque lacrimans obtestatur, uti aliquando
sibi liberisque et genti Numidarum optime merenti provideat, omnibus
proeliis sese victos, agrum vastatum, multos mortales captos, occisos,
regni opes comminutas esse; satis saepe jam et virtutem militum et
fortunam temptatam; caveat, ne illo[328] cunctante Numidae sibi
consulant. His atque talibus aliis ad deditionem regis animum impellit.
Mittuntur ad imperatorem legati, qui Jugurtham imperata facturum dicerent
ac sine ulla pactione sese regnumque suum in illius fidem tradere.
Metellus propere cunctos senatorii ordinis ex hibernis accersi jubet,
eorum atque aliorum, quos idoneos ducebat, consilium habet. Ita more
majorum[329] ex consilii decreto per legates Jugurthae imperat argenti
pondo[330] ducenta milia, elephantos omnes, equorum et armorum
aliquantum. Quae postquam sine mora facta sunt, jubet omnes perfugas
vinctos adduci; eorum magna pars, uti jussum erat, adducti, pauci, quum
primum deditio coepit, ad regem Bocchum in Mauretaniam abierant. Igitur
Jugurtha, ubi armis virisque et pecunia spoliatus est, quum ipse ad
imperandum Tisidium vocaretur,[331] rursus coepit flectere animum suum et
ex mala conscientia digna[332] timere. Denique multis diebus per
dubitationem consumptis quum modo taedio rerum adversarum omnia bello
potiora duceret, interdum secum ipse reputaret, quam gravis casus in
servitium ex regno foret, multis magnisque praesidiis nequidquam
perditis, de integro bellum sumit. Et Romae senatus de provinciis
consultus Numidiam Metello decreverat.[333]

[328] _Ne illo_, &.c. refers to Jugurtha, 'if he hesitated still longer.'
[329] _More majorum_ refers to the custom according to which Roman
generals were not allowed to fix the terms of treaties and peace
according to their own discretion, but had to assemble and consult a
council of war. This council of war consisted of the superior
officers, the legates, the quaestor, the tribuni militum, and the
praefects of the allies. Sometimes the centuriones primipilares also
took part in it, especially when the subjects of discussion were of a
purely military nature.
[330] _Pondo_, 'pound,' properly _librarum pondo_ (depending upon
_milia_). See Zumpt, S 87. As in the time of the Roman republic
eighty-four denarii were coined out of one pound of silver, and
twenty-five denarii (or 100 sesterces) constituted one Roman aureus,
the amount of silver here mentioned is equivalent to 672,000 nummi
aurei.
[331] 'When he himself was summoned to receive his orders.' There
is an ancient military expression, _Ad imperium vocari_, or _adesse_,
by which a person present receives a command which he has to carry
into effect. See Zumpt, S 658.
[332] _Digna_, 'what is due to him;' here of course bodily suffering or
punishment.
[333] We are here already at the beginning of the year B.C. 108, in
which Metellus was no longer consul; but the senate had prolonged
his imperium, which accordingly he continued to hold for this year
as proconsul.

63. Per idem tempus Uticae forte G. Mario per hostias dis supplicanti,
magna atque mirabilia portendi haruspex dixerat; proinde, quae animo
agitabat,[334] fretus dis ageret, fortunam quam saepissime experiretur,
cuncta prospere eventura. At illum jam antea consulatus ingens cupido
exagitabat, ad quem capiundum praeter vetustatem familiae alia omnia
abunde erant,[335] industria, probitas militiae magna scientia, animus
belli[336] ingens, domi modicus, libidinis et divitiarum victor,
tantummodo gloriae avidus. Sed is natus et omnem pueritiam Arpini
altus,[337] ubi primum aetas militiae patiens fuit, stipendiis faciundis,
non Graeca facundia neque urbanis munditiis sese exercuit; ita inter
artes bonas integrum ingenium brevi adolevit. Ergo ubi primum tribunatum
militarem a populo petit, plerisque faciem ejus ignorantibus,[338] facile
notus per omnes tribus declaratur. Deinde ab eo magistratu alium post
alium sibi peperit, semperque in potestatibus eo modo agitabat, ut
ampliore quam gerebat dignus haberetur. Tamea is ad id locorum[339] talis
vir (nam postea ambitione praeceps datus est) consulatum appetere non
audebat. Etiamtum alios magistratus plebes, consulatum nobilitas inter se
per manus tradebat.[340] Novus nemo tam clarus neque tam egregiis factis
erat, quin is indignus illo honore et quasi pollutus haberetur.

[334] _Agitabat_ does not express the sentiment of the haruspex; for if
so, the verb would be in the subjunctive.
[335] Marius accordingly possessed every qualification required of a
candidate for the consulship in a very high degree, but he was not
a member of an ancient family, being a Roman eques of the municipium
of Arpinum. The term 'ancient family' means one which had _imagines_,
or images of ancestors who had been invested with the highest offices
of the state. A Roman eques answers pretty nearly to a modern country
gentleman, and was, generally speaking, a person who had property
enough to enable him to serve on horseback in the army. In point of
rank he was far below a senator; and no services that he could render
to the state as an eques could raise him to the senatorial rank,
which was attainable only through the high offices to which he might
be elected by the people, and by virtue of which he became a member
of the senate. Marius himself had been a senator long before this, as
he had been tribune of the people and praetor, and after his
praetorship, he now was legatus (lieutenant-general) with Metellus.
[336] _Belli_; that is, _in bello_, on account of the following _domi_.
[337] _Altus_; that is, _alitus_. See Zumpt, S 198.
[338] That is, _quamquam plerique faciem ejus ignorabant, facile tamen
notus factus_, &c.; namely, by the report of his distinguished
services in the war, which, in the assembly of the people, was
communicated by one person to another.
[339] _Ad id locorum_, 'until then,' 'until that time,' as in chap. 72:
_post id locorum_. See Zumpt, S 434. Marius did not venture to aspire
to the consulship; for _appetere_ is not the same as _petere_, the
latter denoting the actual suit or canvass. His ambition had not
yet been directed to that highest of all offices, until religious
superstition suggested it to him, and encouraged him.
[340] The _nobiles_ transmitted the consulship to one another _per
manus_; that is, after one _nobilis_ had been invested with it, it
was, as it were by agreement, given to another, care being taken that
no _homo novus_ should come forward as a candidate.

64. Igitur ubi Marius haruspicis dicta eodem intendere videt, quo cupido
animi hortabatur, ab Metello petundi gratia missionem[341] rogat. Cui
quamquam virtus, gloria atque alia optanda bonis superabant,[342] tamen
inerat contemptor animus et superbia, commune nobilitatis malum. Itaque
primum commotus insolita re mirari ejus consilium et quasi per amicitiam
monere, ne tam prava inciperet neu super fortunam animum gereret; non
omnia omnibus cupiunda esse; debere illi res suas satis placere; postremo
caveret id petere a populo Romano, quod illi jure negaretur. Postquam
haec atque alia talia dixit neque animus Marii flectitur, respondit, ubi
primum potuisset per negotia publica,[343] facturum sese, quae peteret.
Ac postea saepius eadem postulanti fertur dixisse, ne festinaret abire;
satis mature illum cum filio suo consulatum petiturum. Is eo tempore
contubernio patris[344] ibidem militabat, annos natus circiter viginti;
quae res Marium cum pro[345] honore, quem affectabat, tum contra Metellum
vehementer accenderat. Ita cupidine atque ira, pessimis consultoribus,
grassari,[346] neque facto ullo neque dicto abstinere, quod modo
ambitiosum[347] foret, milites, quibus in hibernis praeerat, laxiore
imperio quam antea habere, apud negotiatores, quorum magna multitudo
Uticae erat, criminose, simul et magnifice de bello loqui, dimidia pars
exercitus si sibi permitteretur, paucis diebus Jugurtham in catenis
habiturum; ab imperatore consulto trahi, quod homo inanis[348] et regiae
superbiae imperio nimis gauderet. Quae omnia illis eo firmiora
videbantur, quod diuturnitate belli res familiares corruperant et animo
cupienti nihil satis festinatur.

[341] His dismissal from the post of legate. If he had wished to return
to the service, he would have asked _commeatum_, 'leave of absence.'
He was confident that in his canvass for the consulship he would be
successful.
[342] _Superabant_; that is, _supererant, abunde erant_.
Metellus had all the other qualifications in a great degree, but at
the same time he had a haughty contempt for all who were not nobly
born.
[343] 'He would grant him his dismissal as soon as he could do so
consistently with the duties he owed to the republic.'
[344] _Contubernio patris_ for _in contubernio patris_, as
_contubernalis_ of the commander-in-chief. It was the custom for
young Roman nobles to perform their first military service as equites
in the suite, and as attaches (adjutants) to a general, whereas other
less favoured Romans served _in ordine_; that is, enlisted in some
detachment of cavalry or infantry.
[345] _Pro_, 'in regard to,' 'in consideration of.'
[346] _Grassari_, 'to go on,' 'proceed;' but at the same time contains
the idea of excitement or vehemence.
[347] _Ambitio_, 'courting favour;' _ambitiosum_, something the object
or consequence of which is to gain favour; hence 'winning,'
'captivating.'
[348] _Inanis_, 'empty.' Of persons, signifies a man devoid of substance,
one who has only the appearance of something, and is satisfied with
it; hence 'vain,' 'superficial.' _Vanus_ also is used in the same
sense. _Regia superbia_. See chap. 31.

65. Erat praeterea in exercitu nostro Numida quidam, nomine Gauda,
Mastanabalis filius, Masinissae nepos, quem Micipsa testamento secundum
heredem[349] scripserat, morbis confectus et ob eam causam mente paulum
imminuta. Cui Metellus petenti more regum ut sellam juxta poneret, item
postea custodiae causa turmam equitum Romanorum, utrumque negaverat,
honorem, quod eorum modo foret, quos populus Romanus reges appellavisset,
praesidium, quod contumeliosum in eos[350] foret, si equites Romani
satellites Numidae traderentur. Hunc Marius anxium aggreditur atque
hortatur, ut contumeliarum imperatori[351] cum suo auxilio poenas petat;
hominem ob morbos animo parum valido secunda oratione extollit: illum
regem, ingentem virum, Masinissae nepotem esse; si Jugurtha captus aut
occisus foret, imperium Numidiae sine mora habiturum; id adeo[352] mature
posse evenire, si ipse consul ad id bellum missus foret. Itaque et illum
et equites Romanes, milites et negotiatores[353] alios ipse, plerosque
pacis spes impellit, uti Romam ad suos necessarios aspere in Metellum de
bello scribant, Marium imperatorem poscant. Sic illi a multis mortalibus
honestissima suffragatione[354] consulatus petebatur; simul ea tempestate
plebes, nobilitate fusa per legem Mamiliam,[355] novos extollebat. Ita
Mario cuncta procedere.

[349] _Secundus heres_ is the person who is pointed out in a will to
supply the place of the real heir, in case of the latter being unable
or unwilling to accept the inheritance, especially in case of his
death without leaving any issue.
[350] _In eos_; that is, _in equites Romanos_, referring to what follows.
[351] _Imperatori_, a dativus incommodi, _cui poena imponantur_, 'that
with his assistance he should endeavour to find punishments for the
general in return for the insults offered to him.'
[352] 'This might happen even very soon.' _Adeo_ points out that which is
essential in a thing. See Zumpt, S 281.
[353] The words _milites et negotiatiores_ are in apposition to _equites
Romanos_, and describe the two classes of Roman equites existing in
the province, some serving in the army, and others carrying on
business (_negotiabantur_) in the towns. If the sentence were to be
understood otherwise, the copulative conjunction would not have been
omitted before _milites_. See Zumpt, S 783. The _milites gregarii_
and their sentiments are not mentioned, probably because such persons
had little or no communication with their friends at Rome.
[354] _Suffragatio_, the inclination to give one's vote in favour of a
person, and the effort to procure him the votes of others; hence 'the
support given to a person's election.' A vote is _suffragium_, and
_suffragari_, to vote for a person.
[355] This decree of the people, instituting a criminal investigation
into the acts of bribery committed by Jugurtha, was mentioned in
chap. 40, where it was farther observed that the whole nobility was
terrified by it.

66. Interim Jugurtha postquam omissa deditione bellum incipit, cum magna
cura parare omnia, festinare, cogere exercitum, civitates, quae ab se
defecerant, formidine aut ostentando praemia affectare,[356] communire
suos locos, arma, tela, aliaque, quae spe pacis amiserat, reficere aut
commercari, servitia Romanorum allicere et eos ipsos, qui in praesidiis
erant, pecunia temptare; prorsus nihil intactum neque quietum pati, cunta
agitare. Igitur Vagenses, quo Metellus initio, Jugurtha pacificante,
praesidium imposuerat, fatigati regis suppliciis neque antea voluntate
alienati,[357] principes civitatis inter se conjurant; nam vulgus, uti
plerumque solet, et maxime Numidarum, ingenio mobili, seditiosum atque
discordiosum[358] erat, cupidum novarum rerum, quieti et otio adversum.
Dein, compositis inter se rebus, in diem tertium constituunt, quod is
festus celebratusque per omnem Africam ludum et lasciviam magis quam
formidinem ostentabat.[359] Sed ubi tempus fuit, centuriones tribunosque
militares et ipsum praefectum oppidi, T. Turpilium Silanum, alius alium
domos suas invitant; eos omnes praeter Turpilium inter epulas obtruncant;
postea milites palantes, inermos, quippe in tali die[360] ac sine
imperio, aggrediuntur. Idem plebes facit, pars edocti ab nobilitate, alii
studio talium rerum incitati, quis acta consiliumque ignorantibus
tumultus ipse et res novae satis placebant.

[356] _Affectare_, 'to try to obtain a thing,' 'to exert one's self for a
thing.'
[357] _Voluntate alienati_; that is, _sua sponte alienati_.
[358] _Discordiosus_, 'quarrelsome;' a very rare word, but formed with
perfect correctness. Zumpt, S 252.
[359] 'The day promised (beforehand) recreation and enjoyment, rather
than apprehension and terror;' namely, to the Romans or the Roman
garrison.
[360] _In tali die_. The preposition here is unusual, but is justified by
the addition _tali_, indicating the particular circumstances of that
day of joy. See Zumpt, S 475, note. _Inermos_ is much more rare than
_inermes_. See Zumpt, S 101, note.

67. Romani milites, improviso metu incerti ignarique, quid potissimum
facerent, trepidare; ad arcem oppidi, ubi signa et scuta erant,
praesidium hostium; portae ante clausae fugam prohibebant; ad hoc
mulieres puerique pro tectis aedificiorum[361] saxa et alia, quae locus
praebebat, certatim mittere. Ita neque caveri anceps malum,[362] neque a
fortissimis infirmissimo generi resisti posse; juxta boni malique,
strenui et imbelles inulti obtruncari. In ea tanta asperitate,
saevissimis Numidis et oppido undique clauso, Turpilius praefectus unus
ex omnibus Italicis intactus profugit; id misericordiane hospitis, an
pactione aut casu ita evenerit, parum comperimus; nisi, quia illi in
tanto malo turpis vita integra fama potior fuit, improbus intestabilisque
videtur.[363]

[361] _Pro tectis_, 'on the edge of the roofs.'
[362] _Anceps malum_, 'the double attack;' namely, the one made on even
ground, and that from the roofs.
[363] Respecting the connection of _nisi_--_videtur_, instead of the
complete expression _nisi hoc constat_--_eum videri_, see p. 92,
note 2 [note 153]. _Intestabilis_, properly, 'a person unfit to give
his evidence, and incapable of making a will;' hence, according to
Roman usage, equivalent to 'infamous;' _detestabilis_, which also
properly signifies 'one deserving to be excluded in the will,' or 'to
be disinherited.'

68. Metellus, postquam de rebus Vagae actis comperit, paulisper moestus e
conspectu abit; deinde, ubi ira et aegritudo permixta sunt, cum maxima
cura ultum ire injurias festinat. Legionem, cum qua hiemabat, et quam
plurimos potest Numidas equites pariter cum occasu solis expeditos
educit, et postera die circiter horam tertiam pervenit in quandam
planitiem, locis paulo superioribus circumventam. Ibi milites fessos
itineris magnitudine et jam abnuentes omnia[364] docet oppidum Vagam non
amplius mille passuum[365] abesse, decere illos reliquum laborem aequo
animo pati, dum pro civibus suis, viris fortissimis atque miserrimis,
poenas caperent; praeterea praedam benigne ostentat. Sic animis eorum
arrectis, equites in primo[366] late, pedites quam artissime ire et signa
occultare jubet.

[364] 'Declining everything;' that is, refusing to obey any order that
was given them.
[365] _Passuum_ might also be _passus_. See Zumpt, S 116, note.
[366] _In primo_, 'at the head,' or 'in front,' the line being spread out
(_late_), so as to conceal the infantry marching behind the cavalry.

69. Vagenses ubi animum advertere ad se versum exercitum pergere, primo,
uti erat res, Metellum esse rati, portas clausere, deinde ubi neque agros
vastari et eos, qui primi aderant, Numidas equites vident, rursum
Jugurtham arbitrati cum magno gaudio obvii procedunt. Equites peditesque
repente signo dato alii vulgum effusum oppido caedere, alii ad portas
festinare, pars turres capere; ira atque praedae spes amplius quam
lassitudo posse. Ita Vagenses biduum modo ex perfidia laetati; civitas
magna et opulens cuncta poenae aut praedae fuit.[367] Turpilius, quem
praefectum oppidi unum ex omnibus profugisse supra ostendimus, jussus a
Metello causam dicere,[368] postquam sese parum expurgat, condemnatus
verberatusque capite poenas solvit; nam is civis ex Latio erat.

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